In the Fall of 2000, Gilbert Chlewicki, currently ATS/American's division director, but back then a first semester graduate student at the University of Maryland, College Park was beginning his graduate work for a master's degree in transportation engineering. In one of his classes, Chlewicki needed to write a term paper on any transportation related topic. Chlewicki had been drawing sketches of highways since he was in elementary school, developing many unique designs. He decided that he wanted to develop a new design and write a term paper on that design.

Chlewicki had been drawing sketches of highways since he was in elementary school, developing many unique designs.

Chlewicki thought about how some intersection designs come from interchange concepts. The most prime example is the jughandle, which is most common in New Jersey. The jughandle takes the concept of using an interchange ramp to replace a direct left at an intersection. So Chlewicki started to look at interchanges in Maryland to determine if any of them could be converted into an at-grade concept.

A unique interchange existed where I-95 meets I-695 on the northeast side of Baltimore. From any direction (the design is symmetrical on all sides), as the highway enters the interchange, a right exit is provided for the "right turns". Then the highway crosses over or under the opposing traffic of the same highway, so that traffic is now on the left side of the road. After the crossover, a direct left exit is given for the "left turns". The highway then crosses over or under both directions of the cross highway. It then receives the "left turns" of the cross highway from a left entrance ramp. After receiving this traffic, the highway crosses over or under the opposing highway of the same highway again to get on the right side of the road. Lastly, the highway receives the "right turns" from the cross highway.

Aerial photo of the I-695 / I-95 interchange that existed to the northeast of Baltimore, Maryland

Aerial photo of the I-695 / I-95 interchange that existed to the northeast of Baltimore, Maryland

Chlewicki wanted to see what would happen in this interchange concept if all the grade separated bridges were replaced with at-grade intersections controlled by a traffic signal. The design looked promising, but Chlewicki felt that the real test of the design would be if it was possible to guarantee green lights throughout the design once the driver received the first green light. For this design, Chlewicki determined that it would only be possible to synchronize the thru movements for each roadway and even this was only possible if the split of green time for both directions were nearly identical.

Criss-Cross Interchange

Failing to think of a location where Chlewicki thought that this at-grade design could be used, he decided to modify the design a little by "untangling" one of the roadways, so that only one of the roadways would have the crossover maneuvers. Chlewicki felt that this design was even more promising since the synchronization of the signals could be accommodated for all the movements including left turns. He decided to call this design the "criss-cross intersection".

Having another modification from the original interchange concept, Chlewicki was curious if an additional modification could be made to convert this new design into an interchange. The modification that Chlewicki decided to make was to grade separate the intersection where the roadways would meet each other. By grade separating this intersection and adjusting the right turns from the intersection design to form ramps, Chlewicki came up with the interchange design that he called the "criss-cross interchange". Chlewicki wrote the term paper on these two concepts.

DDI Intersection

The next semester, Chlewicki wanted to further explore these designs. His advisor suggested that while studying these designs, you might want to rename these designs to something more technical since the names sounded like the 80's pop singer Christopher Cross made these designs. So Chlewicki renamed the intersection design the "synchronized split-phasing intersection" (SSP) since the design has features that you would see at a split-phased intersection but both sides could have the green at the same time with the benefit of synchronization additional signals. He renamed the interchange the "diverging diamond interchange" (DDI) due to the multiple diverging points throughout the interchange.

At the end of the spring semester, Chlewicki went to Seville, Spain to visit his sister who was studying there for the semester and then to tour Europe with his sisters. His last stop on his month-long tour was Paris, France. While there, he took an excursion to the Palace of Versailles. As his tour bus left the highway to get to the palace, Chlewicki noticed that they were entering his diverging diamond design. He got up in total amazement and shock. He was so happy that the concept he came up with was actually good enough to be in use, but he was a little disappointed that his idea was not original after all.

Autoroute de Normandie (Highway A13)

Autoroute de Normandie (Highway A13) @ Boulevard de Jardy DDI in Versailles, France

With Chlewicki confident that the theory behind these new designs was sound, it was important for him to find a test location to simulate each design to see if there were any flaws to his theory. He also wanted to see if there was a real life application in the United States. Chlewicki tested both designs with real traffic volumes at selected locations in Maryland and did a comparison with the existing design. To his amazement, both designs exceeded his expectations in terms of how well the traffic operated.

Chlewicki wrote a paper entitled "New Interchange and Intersection Designs: The Synchronized Split-Phasing Intersection and the Diverging Diamond Interchange". He presented this paper to the 2nd Urban Street Symposium in Anaheim, California in July 2003.

Several people were impressed with the presentation while others were skeptical. One person who was impressed was Joe Bared, PhD, PE from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Bared has specialized in investigating new geometric designs at FHWA and saw potential in these designs. So Bared went back to FHWA after the conference and started to examine these designs even more.

The first study evaluated the DDI and SSP (which Bared renamed in his paper the double crossover intersection or DXI) under a high, medium, and low volume scenario. The results were even more promising. Both the DDI and DXI had significant improvements over conventional designs at high volumes. This paper came out in 2005.

A few transportation departments across the country started to discover the DDI concept and started to explore it. It appeared that the first possible DDI to be constructed in the United States was going to be in Findlay, Ohio at I-75 and US 224. It was the leading alternative until the final selection, when a different alternative was selected. It appeared that the final decision was based on safety concerns for an unproven design, which is a common fear for new designs.

Both the DDI and DXI had significant improvements over conventional designs at high volumes.

The next leading candidate for constructing a DDI was in Kansas City, Missouri at the I-435 / Front Street interchange. At the same time, FHWA wanted to study the safety aspect of the DDI, so that a diverging diamond alternative would not be rejected over safety concerns. At this point, FHWA abandoned studying the SSP further as it appeared they were concerned about the complexity of the design. For the study, they used their Highway Driving Simulator to evaluate the DDI. They used the I-435 / Front Street design as their sample interchange in the study. FHWA found that drivers were intuitively able to maneuver within the DDI and find the path to their intended destination. The biggest initial concern was wrong way movements at the crossover areas. The study showed that this concern was not warranted. FHWA was convinced that the DDI would be safer than a conventional diamond interchange.

The Kansas City DDI was anticipated to be completed in 2008 and be the first DDI in the United States. This project showed that the DDI was by far the superior alternative to any other design being considered. The traffic operations were significantly better and now they were convinced that the design would be safer. Perhaps the biggest advantage of the DDI was that the cost was significantly less than the other alternatives. The cost estimate for the DDI was about 40% less than the conventional diamond and almost 75% less than the single point urban diamond option. Unfortunately, there have been several delays that have prevented this project from being constructed.

Meanwhile, with the powerful study that was done by FHWA endorsing the safety of the DDI, more agencies were examining implementing a DDI. The design was starting to get very popular in pocket communities because of all the potential advantages. It was anyone's guess where the first DDI might be built in the United States. The answer came as an unexpected surprise.

Aerial photo of I-44 / Kansas Expressway DDI

Aerial photo of I-44 / Kansas Expressway Diverging Diamond Interchange in Springfield, Missouri. Photo from Missouri Department of Transportation.

Don Saiko, PE, who is a project manager in the Springfield, Missouri District of MODOT, got word of the DDI concept and wanted to investigate the design in the Springfield area. He got permission to test the design at I-44 and Kansas Expressway (SR 13) which had been experiencing tremendous traffic problems and safety issues due mainly to the small left turn storage areas to the ramps. A $10 million budget was given for the construction of this project. The simulations for the design looked very promising to fix the traffic and safety problems. It was also a very cost effective solution. The DDI was only going to cost about $3 million, saving the state $7 million of the budgeted cost, which would have been the cost for a conventional diamond solution. The design was going to be able to use the existing bridge that had five lanes on the bridge with no sidewalks and convert it to a DDI with four lanes on the bridge and a very wide sidewalk in the median. Because no major construction was needed on the bridge, the construction time was only going to take 6 months instead of two years with the other options. The design plans were approved and construction started in January 2009.

Very few transportation professionals knew of this project outside of the district office until the construction was nearly complete. The project was completed on time and within budget, with the DDI configuration opening on June 21, 2009 and the ribbon cutting ceremony for the completion of the project on July 7, 2009. The DDI has been a huge success at this interchange and is arguably performing even better than the simulation models indicated. The success of this design has spurred even more agencies to examine and build the DDI. The DDI is starting to get very popular as a possible cost-effective transportation solution.